Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis

With the exception of cases caused by genetic disorder, there is no single test that can pinpoint the condition. Breathing tests to measure the amount of air being inhaled and exhaled can reveal the disease in its early stages. A blood test may be performed to determine the red blood cell count (when emphysema causes diminished oxygenation of the blood, more red blood cells are produced in an effort to increase oxygen transport).

A chest X-ray may be taken to search for specific changes in the lungs that may point to advanced stages of the disease; however, it is not helpful in diagnosing early emphysema. Therefore, emphysema is diagnosed by putting together a collection of findings.

Treatment

There is no known cure for emphysema, nor is it reversible. However, the progress of the disease can be checked by removing irritants, particularly tobacco smoke, from the patient's environment. Patients are encouraged to drink large amounts of fluids to help thin out the mucus that may block the airways. Adequate rest, a balanced diet, and moderate regular exercise are recommended.

Vaporizers, humidifiers, and air conditioners help to moisturize and filter the air. A respiratory therapist can teach an emphysema patient how to use his or her chest and abdominal muscles to breathe more efficiently.

Several drugs aid the emphysema patient. They act to loosen mucus or to relax and expand the air passages. Antibiotics are sometimes prescribed if infection exists. Cortisone drugs (corticosteroids) are sometimes prescribed as well. Drugs such as albuterol and terbutaline are used both in inhalation aerosol and oral forms. An inhaler containing the drug ipratropium bromide may be of significant help in relieving symptoms.

In advanced cases of emphysema, oxygen may have to be administered continuously. However, an emphysema patient must be particularly careful to use only the amount of oxygen prescribed. Too much oxygen may suppress the drive to breathe, thereby causing respiratory failure. In addition, sedatives and sleeping medications should be avoided by patients with severe emphysema, as these can also lead to a dangerous slowing of breathing.

Emphysema is a very serious condition. However, with the help of modern treatments, breathing aids, and medications, patients can lead a reasonably comfortable life. It is necessary, however, for these individuals to stop smoking and avoid air pollutants as much as possible.