Why do dentists need to use a dental dam?

tooth cleaning with dental dam
Dental dams isolate teeth and clear the area being worked on of excess moisture.
Keith Brofsky/Getty Images

When a beaver builds a natural dam or an engineer plans a man-made dam, both design the structures to control and hold back debris and water. Dams form barriers to unwanted elements in the environment; logs don't jam and block free-flowing streams, water doesn't flood areas meant to stay dry, and unwanted objects are kept from washing through and mucking up the waters. Dental dams act much the same way by controlling the flow of moisture and debris into and out of an open mouth. Unlike most built dams, however, those used in dentistry are temporary, disposable barriers.

A dental dam -- also called a rubber dam or intraoral dental dam -- is a square of latex or non-latex material that fits into the mouth and covers all but the teeth being worked on during a dental visit. One way to envision a dental dam is to think of painter's tape. You tape off areas like the crown and base molding to protect them from dripping paint and stray brush strokes. Using a dental dam is similar because it covers a patient's oral opening, keeping their cheeks, tongue and surrounding teeth from getting splattered with composite materials or particles of drilled tooth, and keeps saliva from dripping on the sections of teeth exposed through the dam. Teeth not involved in the work are like the wood trim you don't want painted; they get covered so the dentist can focus on the teeth needing repair.

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Fortunately, using a dental dam is nowhere near as time consuming as taping up a room for painting; placing a dam in a patient's mouth takes a dentist or dental assistant just a few minutes or less. Some people who visit the dentist or endodontist for tooth and gum work are very familiar with dental dams, while some reading this have never seen one. Even though they've been around since 1864, dental dams may not be widely known among those going to the dentist [source: Reuter]. Why? Different types of work require different precautions, and often dams aren't needed. In other cases, however, they are the professional standard as part of a patient's care and a dentist's protection.

We'll look at why and when dentists need to use them and why some dental professionals just don't seem to give a dam (you knew that was coming), next.

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Dams in Dentistry

Dental dams isolate teeth and clear the field -- or the area being worked on -- of excess moisture. Most often dams are used for endodontic procedures, such as root canals or other interior and below-tooth work because controlling the amount of saliva on the exposed area reduces some of the bacteria that can get inside and cause infection and/or irritation. Dams also keep instruments and pieces of composite material of the tooth itself from going down the oral cavity and into the body.

Additionally, when the mouth, lips and tongue are covered by a dam, there is less likelihood that sharp tools can nick tissue and lead to bleeding or blood and saliva sprays that can endanger dental professionals if a patient has an infectious disease. Some professionals also use dams for non-endodontic and minor procedures such as replacing fillings, making molds of teeth or even whitening teeth, for example, simply to protect the patient from swallowing debris or to keep teeth as dry as possible for receiving overlays and coatings.

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Both dental assistants and dentists must show proficiency in fitting and removing dental dams, but some studies find that, in practice, many dental professionals don't use them. Reports published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the U.S. showed that between 53 and 63 percent of dentists surveyed didn't use dental dams at all. Their reasons for not using them ranged from inconvenience and irrelevance to their procedures to patients refusing to wear them, among others [sources: ADA; Gilbert; Hill]. Combined, these surveys included less than 1,000 practicing respondents, but if representative of dentistry as a whole, does it even matter if dental dams are used?

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Association of Endodontists (AAE), it does matter. Dental dams are effective in limiting the spread of bacteria into the area of the mouth that is exposed during procedures and in keeping the same bacteria from being swallowed or taken in internally. These rubber sheets also serve to protect dentists, hygienists and patients from possible exposure to HIV, hepatitis and other infectious diseases or blood-borne pathogens during procedures.

Using a dental dam is mandatory for certain endodontic procedures in the United States, and according to the AAE it should be the required standard of care. It is a recommended "universal precaution" in CDC statements on infection in dental care practice. Additionally, it adds protection for dentists by decreasing liability if a patient swallows or chokes on something during treatment [sources: AAE; CDC].

How do patients take to dental dams and can they choose whether or not to, ahem, dam it?

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Dental Dams and Patients

Having a sheet of rubber blocking your airway can take some getting used to, but for most people who can breathe through their noses, it isn't too uncomfortable. Those with conditions inhibiting nose-breathing, considered mouth-breathers in medical terms, may have considerable discomfort if fitted with a dental dam. Because a dam is attached either by special clamps, with adhesive or with some twining of dental floss over teeth -- similar to tying a boat line to a post on a dock or securing a tent by stretching it across stakes -- dentists and hygienists can fit the barrier tightly, preventing much exchange between the mouth cavity and the area being worked. Small holes are punched into the dam to match the opening size and placement of teeth needing exposure, but other than those cuts, the dam seals off the rest of the mouth [source: Perrine].

Some may find this setup claustrophobic, and there may be some gagging or difficulty breathing, but generally it is not a problem or major source of discomfort for patients. Precautions do need to be taken for those patients with latex allergies, but non-latex varieties of dental dams are available. Patients can refuse to wear dams with or without medical reasons such as mouth-breathing issues or fears of dental procedures.

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Although some studies suggest that many dentists are foregoing the use of dental dams, most professional associations, including the American Dental Association (ADA), advocate their use and make a point of including them in training dental professionals. When used for root canals, for instance, not only do dental dams keep the open root area dry and better exposed so the dentist can focus on the work, they also keep bacteria and saliva away from an area where infection is being cleaned and where it needs to remain clean before closing up the tooth.

After opening wide and getting a dental diagnosis, it doesn't hurt to ask your dental care provider about when and if a dam will improve the quality of care and finished work and whether it's considered mandatory for the procedure.

More information and links on oral care and dental dams follows.

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More Great Links

  • American Association of Endodontists (AAE). "AAE Position Statement: Dental Dams." 2010. (Oct. 6, 2011) http://www.aae.org/uploadedFiles/Publications_and_Research/Guidelines_and_Position_Statements/dentaldamstatement.pdf
  • American Association of Endodontists (AAE). "Endodontics: Colleagues for Excellence: Root Canal Irrigants and Disinfectants." 2011. (Oct. 6, 2011) http://www.aae.org/uploadedFiles/Publications_and_Research/Endodontics_Colleagues_for_Excellence_Newsletter/RootCanalIrrigantsDisinfectants.pdf
  • American Dental Association (ADA). "Glossary of Dental Clinical and Administrative Terms: Rubber Dam." ADA.org. 2011. (Oct. 6, 2011) http://www.ada.org/glossaryforprofessionals.aspx
  • American Dental Association (ADA). "Understanding Licensure: The Dental Examination Process for the New Graduate." 2011. (Oct. 6, 2011) http://www.ada.org/sections/educationAndCareers/pdfs/understandinglicensure.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings, 2003." ADA.org. Dec. 19, 2003. (Oct. 6, 2011) http://www.ada.org/sections/publicResources/pdfs/guidelines_cdc_infection.pdf
  • Commission on Dental Accreditation, American Dental Association (ADA). "Accreditation Standards for Dental Assisting Education Programs." ADA.org. 2008. (Oct. 6, 2011) http://www.ada.org/sections/educationAndCareers/pdfs/da.pdf
  • Gilbert, G.H., et al. "Rubber dam use during routine operative dentistry procedures: findings from the Dental PBRN." NIH.gov. Sept.-Oct. 2010. (Oct. 3, 2011) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945739
  • Hill, E.E. and Rubel, B.S. "Do Dental Educators Need to Improve Their Approach to Teaching Rubber Dam Use?" NIH.gov. Oct. 2008. (Oct. 3, 2011) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18923098
  • Perrine, Grant A. "A Simplified Rubber-Dam Technique for Preparing Teeth for Indirect Restorations." Journal of the American Dental Association, ADA.org. 2005. (Oct. 4, 2011) http://jada.ada.org/content/136/11/1560.full
  • Reuter, J.E. "The Isolation of Teeth and the Protection of the Patient During Endodontic Treatment." International Endodontic Journal, Wiley.com. Oct. 1983. (Oct. 3, 2011) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1983.tb01321.x/abstract

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