Do you really need to have a period every month?

women in bathing suits on the beach with cocktails
Free from periods, more women may be able to enjoy cocktails on the beach in white swimsuits.
© iStockphoto.com/cdwheatley

On the HBO series "Sex in the City," life for the four female characters was often portrayed as a pursuit for more: more sex, more shoes, more cosmos. In 2003, however, the creator of "Sex and the City," Candace Bushnell, appeared in a campaign that advocated for less of something -- menstrual periods. Bushnell acted in advertisements for Seasonale, an oral contraceptive that extends the length of a woman's menstrual cycle so that she only has a period every three months. "When you think about what women have accomplished with 13 periods a year, think about what we can accomplish with only four," Bushnell said in the ads [source: Clark-Flory].

In the time since Bushnell made those ads, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Lybrel, a birth control pill that promised to show women what could be accomplished with no periods at all. Lybrel's campaign is similar to Seasonale's in that it makes menstruation a lifestyle choice. That's certainly not how it was explained to girls of previous generations when they got their first periods -- rather, the deal was that you traded in a few days of cramps each month for the ability to bear children down the line. Each girl may have a slightly different relationship with that special time of the month: Some girls were taught to celebrate a period as a rite of passage and a sign of womanhood, while others were taught to grin and bear it.

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­But how did women react when they learned that their monthly friend didn't need to visit so regularly? Just as women view periods differently, there were varied reactions to this news. On the one­ hand, many women would be more than happy to get rid of the PMS, the need to buy tampons and the inconvenience until a time in which they're ready to conceive children. On the other hand, however, some women view menstrual suppressing oral contraceptives as an attack upon womanhood, an implicit message that a period and its accompanying symptoms are in some way unnatural.

But before questions of female identity comes a more obvious question: Is suppressing a period safe? Does a woman really need to have a period every month? We'll investigate the health issues on the next page.

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Is a Period Necessary?

girl holding stomach
Many women may empathize with this woman suffering menstrual cramps.
© iStockphoto.com/kkgas

It's estimated that women living today have 450 periods in a lifetime, which is about three times as many as our early ancestors [source: Kalb]. Today, women begin menstruating much earlier but have children much later. They also have fewer children and breastfeed for shorter periods of time, comparatively. Today's women also liv­e much longer. When you add up how much time our hunter-gatherer ancestors spent pregnant and breastfeeding, then they likely had only about 160 periods in a lifetime [source: Clark-Flory].

Historically speaking, then, the amount of menstruating that a woman does today seems a bit excessive. Is there any benefit to these increased troubles? It turns out there are a few cardiovascular benefits to those having menstrual cycles not regulated by the pill. Though menstruation is necessary to rid the body of the uterine lining that has built up in preparation for pregnancy, it also eliminates excess iron, which can be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Additionally, the menstrual cycle includes two weeks where women demonstrate significantly reduced blood pressure. As a result, women have fewer heart attacks and strokes while they're in their fertile years [source: Kelley]. An evolutionary biologist also posited that monthly menstruation flushes bacteria out of the reproductive system, serving as a form of protection for STDs and infertility [source: George].

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Some doctors, however, point out that by monthly menstruating, a woman's body is regularly enduring something that it was never meant to endure. This has health impacts both large and small. PMS and its attendant symptoms represent the smaller side of the spectrum, though to some women, calling such a condition "small" is a joke. A majority of women have experienced one or more premenstrual symptoms, which include headache, cramps, fatigue, mood swings, depression and insomnia. Studies indicate that these symptoms are often enough for women to miss class or work, or if they do show up, to exhibit decreased productivity. Women may also suffer from dysmenorrhea, which includes severe cramping, nausea and diarrhea [source: Henig]. Menstruating women are also at risk for anemia, endometriosis and ovarian cysts [source: George].

On the larger side of the scale is cancer. As far as cells go, ovulation and menstruation is a fairly violent process. During the menstrual cycle, hormones cause immature eggs, or follicles, to develop. At the point of ovulation, one follicle produces an egg, which scars the ovary. If the egg remains unfertilized, then the built-up uterine lining, or endometrium, is shed as a menstrual period, which in turn creates more scars. These scars cause cells to divide and regenerate, and if something goes wrong with that process, then you're looking at ovarian and endometrial cancer. When a woman is pregnant, thus giving those symptoms a rest, her risk for ovarian cancer at some point in her lifetime drops by 10 percent [source: Gladwell].

By preventing ­ovulation, then, oral contraceptives also lower the risk for ovarian and endometrial cancer. In a 2000 article in the New Yorker, writer Malcolm Gladwell posited that the pill's inventor, John Rock, might have had an easier time getting the Catholic Church to approve his invention had he marketed it as an anti-cancer pill rather than as a family planning tool. On the next page, we'll consider how oral contraceptives affect the menstrual cycle.

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Menstrual Suppression

birth control pills
A birth control pill pack with 21 active pills and seven placebos
© iStockphoto.com/meltonmedia

When the pill was being developed in the late 1950s, the inventors knew that they could control the length of a woman's menstrual cycle. A woman could have a period every 25 days, 45 days or even 90 days. A dosage of 21 active pills followed by seven placebo pills was chosen because it would mimic a woman's natural cycle. The inventors figured that maintaining a traditional 28-day cycle would help women adjust to the idea of taking birth control pills, and that monthly bleeding would also provide reassurance that the method hadn't failed. That was particularly important in a time when home pregnancy tests weren't the convenient option they are today. Inventor John Rock, a devout Catholic, also thought he could win approval for birth control from the Catholic Church by mimicking a woman's cycle as closely as possible.

­Rock's gamble failed, but over time, women did pick up on what Rock and his fellow inventors knew: that by skipping the week of placebo pills in their birth control pack, they could skip a period. Some women may have done this occasionally, in anticipation of a vacation or a hot date, while some women may have adopted the practice to avoid particularly painful menstrual periods.

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It's worth pointing out that if a woman is on traditional birth control, she's not even having real periods per se. In a normal period, the uterine lining sheds because the egg remains unfertilized, while a woman only bleeds while on birth control because the lack of hormones causes the uterine lining to weaken. Bleeding while on birth control, as opposed to bleeding without birth control, doesn't serve any purpose for health.

If a woman doesn't need to bleed every 21 days, then making the jump to every 84 days, as regulated by Seasonale, isn't so weird, right? While many doctors and the FDA support extended-cycle menstruation, not everyone is convinced that menstrual suppression is a good idea. Dr. Susan Rako, who wrote a book on the risks of menstrual suppression, called it "the largest uncontrolled experiment in the history of medical science" [sources: Kelley, George, Fried].

Rako and other doctors opposed to menstrual suppression worry about a woman's hormonal levels. Oral contraceptives cause a drop in testosterone, which can affect libido, bone strength and heart health. And while less-frequent menstruation may prevent ovarian cancer, long-term use of estrogen has been linked with breast cancer [source: Fried].

There are no studies of long-term use of menstrual suppressing oral contraceptives, so there may indeed be hormonal surprises in the wings. Additionally, we don't know how fertility is affected after long-term menstrual suppression. Another unknown is how menstrual suppression affects adolescents, because most testing is performed on subjects older than 18. Any form of oral contraceptive can prove dangerous to a woman over 35 who smokes. The possible side effects and risks, including blood clots, are the same for these extended cycle birth control pills as other oral contraceptives, but so far one major drawback has been identified: breakthrough bleeding, or spotting, between periods. The amount of breakthrough bleeding led many women to withdraw from trials of extended cycle oral contraceptives [source: Kalb].

So while research has shown that about two-thirds of women would get rid of their period if they could do so safely, tampon makers may not need to cower in fear yet [source: Saul]. There are some women who will always want the monthly assurance that they're not pregnant. And, as we mentioned in the introduction, there are people who think that playing God with a woman's natural hormonal balance is tinkering with the very meaning of what it is to be a woman.

For more on topics related to women's health, see the links on the next page.

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Lots More Information

Related HowStuffWorks Articles
More Great Links

  • "Birth control pill FAQ: Benefits, risks and choices." Mayo Clinic. May 22, 2007. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/birth-control-pill/WO00098
  • Clark-Flory, Tracy. "The end of menstruation." Salon. Feb. 4, 2008. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2008/02/04/menstruation/index1.html
  • Fried, Jennifer. "Off the rag." Salon. Nov. 25, 2003. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://archive.salon.com/mwt/feature/2003/11/25/periods/index.html
  • Friedman, Ann. "Like a Natural Woman." Ms. Fall 2008.
  • George, Lianne. "The End of Menstruation." Maclean's. Dec. 12, 2005.
  • Gladwell, Malcolm. "John Rock's Error." New Yorker. March 10, 2000. (Jan. 12, 2009) http://www.gladwell.com/2000/2000_03_10_a_rock.htm
  • Henig, Robin Marantz. "Dispelling Menstrual Myths." New York Times. March 7, 1982. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=technology&res=9A07E7DB153BF934A35750C0A964948260&scp=3&sq=delay+menstrual+period&st=nyt
  • Johnson, Linda A. "Menstrual Period Now Optional." LiveScience. May 22, 2006. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://www.livescience.com/health/ap_060522_menstrual_end.html
  • Johnston-Robledo, Ingrid and Jessica Barnack. "'Kiss Your Period Good-Bye': Menstrual Suppression in the Popular Press." Sex Roles. Oct. 3, 2006.
  • Kalb, Claudia. "Farewell to 'Aunt Flo'." Newsweek. Feb. 3, 2003. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://www.newsweek.com/id/62989
  • Kelley, Tina. "New Pill Fuels Debate Over Benefits of Fewer Periods." New York Times. Oct. 14, 2003. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03EED8103FF937A25753C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print
  • Lin, Kat and Kurt Barnhart. "The Clinical Rationale for Menses-Free Contraception." Journal of Women's Health. 2007.
  • Payne, January W. "Period: Full Stop?" Washington Post. June 6, 2006. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/05/AR2006060500845_pf.html
  • Saul, Stephanie. "Pill That Eliminates the Period Gets Mixed Reviews." New York Times. April 20, 2007. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/20/health/20period.html
  • Steinem, Gloria. "If Men Could Menstruate." Ms. October 1978. Available at the Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health. (Jan. 12, 2009)http://www.mum.org/ifmencou.htm
  • Tasker, Fred. "Q and A on new pill that stops menstruation." Miami Herald. May 29, 2007.

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